Complete Course: Mastering C Programming

🔹Module 1: Introduction to C Language

1.1 What is C?

• Created by Dennis Ritchie (1972) at Bell Labs.

• Used to develop UNIX, still popular today for operating systems, compilers, drivers, embedded systems.

• Powerful, low-level, but portable.

1.2 Environment Setup

• Install GCC (Linux/Mac) or MinGW (Windows).

• Recommended IDEs: Code::Blocks, Dev-C++, or VSCode with C/C++ extension.

1.3 First Program: Hello World

#include 

int main() {
    printf("Hello, World!\n");
    return 0;
}

• #include → include standard input/output library.

• int main() → program entry point.

• printf() → displays output.

• return 0; → ends program successfully.

Exercise 1: Write a program that prints your name, age, and city.

🔹 Module 2: Basics of the Language

2.1 Data Types

• int: integers (4 bytes)

• float: decimals (4 bytes)

• double: double precision decimals (8 bytes)

• char: characters (1 byte)

• void: no value

2.2 Variables and Constants

int age = 20;
const float PI = 3.1416;
char initial = 'A';

2.3 Operators

• Arithmetic: + - * / %

• Relational: == != > < >= <=

• Logical: && || !

Exercise 2: Create a program that calculates the area of a circle (PI * r * r).

🔹 Module 3: Control Structures

3.1 Conditions

if (age >= 18) {
    printf("Adult\n");
} else {
    printf("Minor\n");
}

3.2 Switch

switch (grade) {
    case 20: printf("Excellent\n"); break;
    case 10: printf("Average\n"); break;
    default: printf("Other\n"); break;
}

3.3 Loops

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) printf("%d\n", i);
while (x > 0) { printf("%d", x); x--; }

Exercise 3: Display the multiplication table of a number entered by the user.

🔹 Module 4: Functions

4.1 Defining a Function

int square(int n) {
    return n * n;
}

4.2 Passing by Value and by Pointer

void increment(int *x) {
    (*x)++;
}

Exercise 4: Write a function that finds the maximum of two numbers.

🔹 Module 5: Arrays and Strings

5.1 Arrays

int scores[5] = {10, 12, 15, 18, 20};

5.2 Strings

char name[20] = "Alice";
printf("Hello %s", name);

5.3 Useful String Functions ()

• strlen(), strcpy(), strcmp(), strcat().

Exercise 5: Write a program that reads a word and counts its letters.

🔹 Module 6: Pointers

6.1 Introduction

int x = 5;
int *p = &x;
printf("%d", *p); // prints 5

6.2 Dynamic Memory Allocation

int *arr = (int*)malloc(5 * sizeof(int));
free(arr);

Exercise 6: Create a dynamic array that stores N numbers and calculates their average.

🔹 Module 7: Structures and Files

7.1 Structures

struct Student {
    char name[30];
    int age;
    float gpa;
};

7.2 Files

FILE *f = fopen("data.txt", "w");
fprintf(f, "Hello");
fclose(f);

Exercise 7: Write a program that stores a list of students in a text file.

🔹 Module 8: Advanced Concepts

• Function pointers

• Linked lists

• Error handling with errno

• Preprocessor (#define, #ifdef)

🔹 Module 9: Final Project

Build a complete console application.
Example: Mini Banking System

• Add / delete a client

• Deposit and withdraw money

• Save data into a text file

Expected Outcomes

By the end of this training, you will be able to:
✔️ Write correct and efficient C programs
✔️ Manage memory with pointers and dynamic allocation
✔️ Handle files and complex data structures
✔️ Build real-world system applications